Markup, in the sense in which we are using the term here, may be characterized, at least provisionally, as information formallyДistinct from the character sequence of the digital transcription of a text, which serves to identify logical or physicalДЇeatures or to control later processing. What follows then is intended as a background for understanding the text encoding as a representation system for textually Humanities computing applications exploiting text encoding, see chapters 20, 21, 22, and 35. Issues, hypertext, multimedia, and other new media topics, see chapters 10, 28, 29, and 30. New media applications as well as traditional humanities computing and publishing. Although the presentationД«elow does not take up hypertext or 'new media' topics directly, we believe the background presented nevertheless provides a useful background for text encoding in general, Multimedia, interactivity, and networking вЂ“ cultural products that are often called 'new media.' In order to be presented using computers, such material must be encoded in machine-readable form. Which includes the creation and study of new cultural products, genres, and capabilities, such as those involving hypertext, But text encoding is no less important to digital humanities broadly conceived, in the sense

Traditional humanities computing (particularly when related to literature and language) typically emphasizedД®ither analytical procedures on encoded textual material вЂ“ such as, for instance, stylometric analysis to support authorship or seriation studies вЂ“ or the publishing of important traditional genres of scholarship such as critical and variorum editions, indexes, concordances,Д¬atalogues, and dictionaries. In accordance with the general approach of this Companion, we understand text encoding in the 'digital humanities' in a wide sense. For a good general introduction to text encoding in the humanities, see Electronic Texts in the Humanities: Theory and Practice, by Susan Hockey ( Hockey 2001).

The justly renowned 'Gentle Introduction' remains the best brief presentation of SGML/XML text encoding and it provides a necessary complement of specific description to the background and theory being presented The reader new to SGML/XML text encoding should read this chapter of the Companion concurrently with the short (21-page) second chapter of the TEI Guidelines, 'A Gentle Introduction to XML', online at. This chapter provides neither a survey of markup languages nor a tutorial Of the theoretical debates about text encoding. We will be focusingДЇor the most part, although not exclusively, on 'markup', as markup-related techniques and systems not only dominate practical encoding activity, but are also at the center of most

This chapter will provide a general orientation to some of the historical and theoretical context needed for understandingД«oth contemporary text encoding practices and the various ongoing debates that surround those practices. Humanities has also produced a considerable amount of interesting debate вЂ“ which can be taken as an index of both its practical importance and its theoretical significance. Used, but it has proven to be an exciting and theoretically productive area of analysis and research. It is not only of considerable practical importance and commonly Text encoding holds a special place in humanities computing. Ian Lancashire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991) In The Humanities Computing Yearbook 1989вЂ“90, ed. Michael Sperberg-McQueen, Text Encoding and Enrichment. вЂ¦ ancillary information achieved by analysis or interpretation вЂ¦ Methods for this transcriptionДЄre called, generically, 'text encoding schemes' such schemes must provide mechanisms for representing the characters of the text and its logical and physical structure Before they can be studied with the aid of machines, texts must be encoded in a machine-readable form.

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